《曼昆经济学原理Chap13.ppt

The Costs of Production 生产成本 Chapter 13 The Costs of Production The Law of Supply:供给法则 Firms are willing to produce and sell a greater quantity of a good when the price of the good is high. This results in a supply curve that slopes upward. The Firm’s Objective企业的目标 The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits. 企业的经济目标是利润最大化 A Firm’s Total Revenue and Total Cost Total Revenue总收益 The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. Total Cost总成本 The amount that the firm pays to buy inputs. A Firm’s Profit企业利润 Profit is the firm’s total revenue minus its total cost. Profit = Total revenue - Total cost利润= 总收益—总成本 Costs as Opportunity Costs作为机会成本的成本 A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services. Explicit and Implicit Costs显性和隐性成本 A firm’s cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs. Explicit costs involve a direct money outlay for factors of production. Implicit costs do not involve a direct money outlay. Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit经济利润和会计利润 Economists measure a firm’s economic profit as total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit). Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs. In other words, they ignore the implicit costs. Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit When total revenue exceeds both explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit. Economic profit is smaller than accounting profit. 经济利润 与 会计利润 生产函数与总成本 The Production Function生产函数 The production function shows the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good. 描述投入品和产出量之间的关系 Marginal Product边际产出 The marginal product of any input in the production process is the increase in the quantity of output obtained from an additional unit of that input. 额外增加一份投入，引起的产出增加量 Marginal Product边际产品 Diminishing Marginal Product边际产出（量）递减 Diminishing margi