《第一章经典物理的困难.ppt

微电子物理基础 量子力学发展历史 4 量子的应用 检测炸弹 并行计算(量子纠缠态) 有哪些信誉好的足球投注网站数据库 量子超光速通信（远距离传物） 电子隧道显微镜 量子器件 量子比特　qubit　 特征：量子叠加态　 　量子系统可能同时处于“1”或“0”态这样的量子叠加态 集成： 量子密码学 Quantum theory The theory devised by Max Planck in 1900 to account for the emission of the black-body radiation from hot bodies. This theory led to the modern theory of interaction between matter and radiation known as quantum mechanics, which generalizes and replaces classical mechanics and Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. 第一章　经典物理学的困难 Bohr theory This theory published in 1913 by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr[1885-1962] to explain the line spectrum of hydrogen. He proposed that electrons could only occupy orbits in which this angular momentum had certain fixed values, h/2π，2h/2π, 3h/2π,… nh/2π. Compton Scattering 要点 Planck假设 Einstein的光量子假说 波粒二象性 名词术语 quantum mechanics classical physics Newton’s mechanics thermodynamics and statistical physics electrodynamics black body radiation Einstein’s light-quantum assumption Photoelectric effect atomic nucleus electron (hole) discrete 名词术语 ground state transition excited state energy quantization wavelength (frequency) amplitude wave-particle duality Compton scattering photon stationary state (2) 黑体和黑体辐射 A 黑体（Black body) 能完全吸收各种波长电磁波而无反射的物体。 利用黑体可撇开材料的具体性质来普遍地研究热辐射本身的规律 B 黑体辐射 (Black body radiation) 如果将黑体加热到某一温度T，则必定辐射与它吸收的频谱完全相同的电磁波，称为黑体辐射 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. C 怎样实现黑体和黑体辐射？ 完全被不透过辐射的壁(可以为铁、铜、瓷器等材料）包住，且维持在一定温度T的空腔，其孔的大小远比内壁总面积小。可高度近似为黑体。 将该空腔浸在温度T的恒温槽中，使空腔壁产生辐射，腔内充满辐射能量，达到平衡热辐射时便从孔辐射出电磁波，这就实现了黑体辐射。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. (3) 黑体辐射的规律 A.温度升高时，频率峰值(能量)向高频方向移动 B. 辐射出度与温度成正比 维恩位移定律：热力学理论找到T与λ之间的关系： 解释：当黑体的热力学温度升 高时，与单色辐射出度对应的 波长向短波方向移动 斯特藩-玻耳兹曼定律： Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0