西方文化概论03.pptVIP

黑暗时代 英雄时代 公元前12世纪末期，一批来自北方的野蛮的印欧语系游牧入侵者多利亚人冲入了希腊半岛，摧毁了迈锡尼文明，并且使爱琴海地区陷入了长达三个多世纪的“黑暗时代”。线性文字B被废弃了，希腊人重新陷入文盲状态。 这个“黑暗时代”通常也被称为“英雄时代”，因为荷马史诗和其它一些英雄传说都是在这个时期形成的。 直到公元前8世纪左右，腓尼基字母文字的传入才再度把希腊人带入文明生活中。荷马史诗正是在这样的背景下产生的。 Phoenician alphabet 腓尼基地图 腓尼基人的贸易航线 Map of Phoenician and Greek colonies at about 550 BC. 四、荷马史诗与“系统叙事诗” 荷马的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》将英雄传说和神界故事糅杂在一起，向后人们展现了一部波澜壮阔的英雄史诗。 这两部史诗所记载的故事都是对迈锡尼时期曾经发生过的战争和航海活动的一种神话化的渲染，是对阿卡亚人以往英雄业绩的赞美讴歌。 Priamos 普里阿摩斯 The dream of Hecuba Paris 帕里斯 Prometheus 海洋女神 Tethys 忒堤斯 Peleus 珀琉斯 The Wrath of Achilles, by Fran?ois-Léon Benouville (1821–1859) Iliad The Iliad is an epic poem which is traditionally attributed to Homer. Set in the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of Ilium by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege. Along with the Odyssey, also attributed to Homer, the Iliad is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, and its written version is usually dated to around the 8th century BC. The Iliad contains over 15,000 lines, and is written in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek with other dialects. Odyssey The Odyssey is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other work traditionally ascribed to Homer. Indeed it is the second—the Iliad being the first—extant work of Western literature. It was probably composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in Ionia, the Greek-speaking coastal region of what is now Turkey. The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus and his long journey home following the fall of Troy. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten-year Trojan War. In his absence, it is assumed he has died, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus must deal with a group of