如何比较国家（节选）（howtocomparenations）(MatteiDogan)3.doc

FOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION This book discusses strategies of comparison and explores some new perspectives in comparative research. The importance of the problems we are raising led us to renounce voluntarily dealing with methodological and technical issues, the exploration of which would require another book. We are focusing instead on the general strategy of comparative research. We do not intend to make an inventory of all the accumulated knowledge on political parties, pressure groups, parliaments, bureaucracies, electoral behavior, and so on. Rather, our aim is to present a critical appraisal, a state of the art. Our American readers will find in this book many authors familiar to them. Indeed, the field of comparative politics is dominated by Americans. But the perceptions and perspectives of European scholars differ somewhat from those widely accepted on the other side of the Atlantic river. In the second edition we have introduced recent critical reflections, new approaches, and developments in the literature, without discarding the classical works that continue to inspire comparative political science and comparative political sociology. Today as much as yesterday, we have preferred to ask questions rather than give answers. Part I. The Compass of the Comparativist 3 1. Comparing to Escape from Ethnocentrism 5 2. Comparing to Find Sociological Rules 15 3. Operational Concepts 24 4. Theoretical Frameworks 32 5. Functional Equivalences 37 Part 2. The Internationalization of Analytical Categories 45 6. Social Classes: Different in Each Continent 47 7. Cultural Pluralism: Vertically Divided Societies 59 8. Political Culture: From Nation to Nation 68 9. Political Socialization: From Generation to Generation 78 10. Political Clientelism: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon 87 11. Consociational Democracy: An Elitist Model for Fragmented Societies 95 12. Political Crises: Historical Events or Stages of Development 105 Part 3. The Choice of Countries 111 13. On the Need