Williamson宏观.docx

威廉森宏观经济学重点整理 ——致吴漾名词解释Chapter 2Value-added : The value added of goods produced minus the value of intermediate goods used in production.增加值：创造的产品价值减去用于生产的中间产品价值Investment: Goods produced in the current period but not consumed in the current period投资：当期生产但不当期消费的产品和服务Consumer price index(CPI): Expenditures on base year quantities at current year prices divided by total expenditures on base year quantities at base year prices,all multiplied by 100消费价格指数：按当年价格计算的基年支出额除以按基年价格计算的基年支出额，然后再除以100Chapter 3Comovement: How aggregate economic variable move together over the business cycle联动：在经济周期中，总体经济变量如何一起变动Time series: Sequential measurements of economic variable over time.时间序列：对某一经济变量进行时间上的连续衡量Chapter4Normal good: A good for which consumption increases as income increases正常品：随收入增加而增加的消费品Marginal product: The additional output produced when another unit of a factor of production is added to the production process边际产量：当生产过程中再投入1单位生产要素时所增加的产量Chapter 5Public goods: Goods that are difficult or impossible for the private sector to provide,for example ,national defense.难以或不可能由私人部门提供的物品，比如国防Exogenous variable: A variable determined outside the model外生变量：有模型外的因素决定的变量Pareto optimality:Astate of the economy that cannot be improved on by making one consumer better off without making another worse off帕累托最优：不是其他人的境况恶化就无法让一个人的境况改善的一种经济状态。Chapter6Real interest rate: The rate of return on savings in units of consumption good实际利率：用消费品单位数衡量的储蓄收益率Consumpyion smoothing : The tendency of consumers to seek a consumption path over time that is smoother than income消费均匀化：消费者追求长期的消费轨迹比收入更均匀的倾向Chapter7Optimal investment rule : Rule stating that the firm invests until the future net maginal product of capital is equal to the real to the real interest rate最优投资率：表明企业投资直到未来净边际资本产出等于实际利率时才停止Chapter8Neutrality of money: Money is neutral if a change in its level has no real effects and causes only a proportionate increase in the price level货币中性：若货币供给水平的变化没有产生实际影响，只造成价格水平成比例的变化，货币就是中性的Monetry base :