17th世纪医学史中文part 2.ppt

Pharmacopoeia came into being in Europe 1618年； 包括对植物样本的鉴定和复合药剂的制备； 药学和药物说明的参考书。 伦敦药典作为大不列颠王国全国性药典，在当时对药品标准化，促进药品管理方面起了重大作用，至今英国药典在世界上仍有一定权威性。 1618, the royal college of physicians, london. 直到1617年，医药在英国是由药店和食品杂货商共同销售的。在1617年，药店拥有了一种独立的性质，法律规定，食品杂货商不许经营医药。 医生所开药物的制备工作成为药剂师的责任。这使得作为一个配药师的压力大大增加，他们不得不更加准确地配制药物。医学院在1618年5月颁布的药典，医学院的检察官为药剂师管理员赋予权力检查伦敦的药店，销毁了所有没有被忠实地配置的药物。 The Birth of Pharmacopoeia 药典的诞生 At this period the compounds employed in medicine were often heterogeneous（多种多样的） mixtures, some of which contained from 20 to 70, or more, ingredients（组分、配料）. And some of them were doubtful. Pharmacopoeia New medicine from overseas 海外新药 In th eage of discovery, explorers, missionaries（传教士）, and colonizers were returning to Europe with unknown plants, many with supposed medicinal properties. New medicine from overseas 其中最著名的是秘鲁树皮 (cinchona officinalis)，在1630至1640年间被引入欧洲。由基督会士（jesuit priests） 推广。他们将粉末状的金鸡纳树皮发给发烧的人。后来，人们发现这种树皮对于疟疾有特效。奎宁（quinine）和生物碱（alkaloid）都是其中的组分。 Other introductions to Europe from the Americas included the practice of smoking the dried leaves of the tobacco plant, nicotiana（烟草花）, brought to England by sir walter raleigh in the sixteenth century, primarily as a medicine. New medicine from overseas Thus began the long history of a valuable and much-abused drug, nicotine, one of the plants constituent alkaloids. 探险者还从巴西带回了土根（ ipecacuanha）。这种灌木被当地人视为疗效显著的药品。这种植物的根部经干燥后，可以治疗很多疾病：acute diarrhoea(腹泻), such as amoebic dysentery（痢疾）, is an effective emetic in some case of poisoning, and, in small doses, in used as a cough expectorant（化痰剂）. 当今很多民族药典中仍旧包含这种植物的有效成分，这个事实证明了这种植物的有效性。 New medicine from overseas Rhyme from st. bartholomews hospital, london, published in 1923: Oh, dover was a pirate and he sailed the spanish main. A hacking cough convulsed him; he had agonising pain. So he mixed himself a powder, whic