翻译实习FamilyPolicyLegacies原文及译文.doc

Family Policy Legacies Germany The family policy legacy of Germany is essentially a story of a strong male breadwinner-female caregiver regime to which progressive modifications are gradually made from the 1980s on wards, after which paradigmatic changes unfold in 2000s. In the fist three decades of the postwar era, it was overwhelmingly the responsibility in West Germany of the “non-working”mother to provide the necessary social services for family members. Accordingly, the male breadwinner’s wage had to be high enough, in principle, to support the whole family above the subsistence level. In addition to a number of collective bargaining agreements(especially in the public sector), the state supported this approach through a system of joint taxation and child (tax) allowances. If a mother had young children,employment outside the family or outside the family business was considered legitimate only if the woman was forced to work out of economic necessity.Based on these normative principles,the state largely refrained form providing social services in a setting where state childcare facilities were dismisses as potentially harmful to the personal development of children ,especially pre-school were expected to dedicate themselves to their role as mothers,it seemed all but impossible to significantly expand female labor force participation in the 1960s,even though Germanys booming economy was crying out for workers.At the time,importing immigrant labor was hence the preferred solution to this problem.As of the early 1970s,less than one percent of all children below the age of three and about 30 percent of children between the ages of three and six had access to publicly subsidized childcare(Kolbe 2002) Starting in the mid-1980s, family responsibilities came to be increasingly socialized.Family-oriented benefits were introduced into what had formerly been a strictly earnings-related pension system and were subsequently expanded.To reconcile employment with t