2.陈沁儒1021411006外文参考资料及译文2.陈沁儒1021411006外文参考资料及译文.doc

毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文 译文题目： 钢筋混凝土结构的设计过程 学生姓名： 陈沁儒 学 号： 1021411006 专 业： M土木工程 所在学院： 龙蟠学院 指导教师： 左熹 职 称： 讲师 2011年11 月18日 Design Process of Reinforced Concrete Objectives of design The structure engineer is a member of a team whose members work together to design a building,bridge,or other structure that will fulfil the specific needs of a client. In the case of a building,an architect generally provides the overall layout,and mechanical,electrical,and structural engineers design individual systems within the building. A geotechnical or foundation engineer provides information necessary for the design of foundations,basement walls,and so on. The structure should satisfy four major criteria: 1,Appropriateness.The arrangement of spaces,spans,ceiling heights,access,and traffic flow must complement the intended use.The structure should fit its environment and be aesthetically pleasing wherever possible.Although such decisions are frequently in the architect`s domain,the structural engineer should bear them in mind in choosing framing systems for a building or in laying or in laying out structures such as bridges. 2,Economy.The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client`s budget.Frequently,teamwork in design will lead to overall economies. 3,Structural adequacy.Structural adequacy involves two major aspects: a.A structure must be sufficiently strong to support safely,without collapse,all anticipated loadings b.A structure must not deflect,tilt,vibrate,or crack in a manner that impairs its usefulness. 4,Maintainability.A structure should be designed to require a minimum of maintenance and/or to be able to be maintained in a simple fashion. It is estimated that one-fifth of the highway bridges in north america are dangerous to varying degrees becaus