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Literature Review The definition of literature review: 1) the relevant existing literature is reviewed to indicate what has already been done, and what problems to be solved. 2) Here, the reader can visualize the research context where the link between the proposed study and the previous ones is displayed, and its potential contribution to the field. Functions: what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. To what extent YOUR research is different from others or formulate questions that need further research The possible modes for writing a literature review: Four-paragraphs writing Para 1introduce Para 2research abroad Para3research at home Para 4YOUR research How to arrange the information By sequence of time By subject matter/researching perspectives The Tense used in literature review: PastResearcher activity as agent Present Perfectresearcher activity not as agent Presentno reference to researcher activity Parenthesis(圆括号,插入成分) different types of parenthesis how to make parenthesis in a correct format 一、段中引文 1、引文的出处应紧跟在引文或对引文观点、内容的诠释之后： （1）、基本格式为：（作者姓+空格+引文所在页码）。 如：Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263). （2）、如果作者姓名在引文中出现过，则在夹住中省略作者姓名，只写页码即可。 如：Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263). （3）如果下文引用为同一出处，只写页码即可。但如果换了引文出处，则要按1例行文。即（姓 页码）。 2、如果引文是原文的paraphrase，就不用引号，直接写出处即可。 如：Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). 3、如果引用是汉语书籍或文章，夹住中的作者姓名用汉语拼音写，并且只写姓 4、转引格式（Citing Indirect Sources） 有时可能不得不使用转引/间接引用。此时，用“qtd. in”来标注出你所实际参考的文献资料。 如：Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as social service centers, and they dont do that well (qtd. in Weisman 259). 5、圣经引用格式 在第一次引用《圣经》时，应明确给出你所使用的版本（书名要斜体或者加下划线）；又因各版本的译本各异，故应同时给出“部book”（不要斜体或加下划线）、