英美概况1英国概况英美概况1国概况.doc

1066-Battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役 William the Conqueror征服者威廉 1076-Revolt of the Earls伯爵的反抗 1086-Landholders swear loyalty to William the Conqueror封臣发誓效忠征服者威廉 As fast as the Conqueror subjugated 征服the territory领土 he confiscated 没收the lands of those who had fought against him, and either took them himself or distributed them among his followers, who held them in feudal tenure 占有as vassals of the king. Some of the English, in all probability not a large number, who had neither fought against him nor revolted反叛, he allowed to redeem 赎回their lands and to hold them from him by the same tenure as before. Thus, for the complicated复杂的 land system of the English was substituted取代 a perfectly simple arrangement according to which all land was held feudally 如封建地of the king. In a great meeting held at Salisbury索尔兹伯里 in 1086 William summoned 召集all the landholders封臣 and made them swear allegiance 效忠to him as chief lord and king. Thus he laid down建立 the rule that every landholder封建主 in England, whosesoever vassal 封臣he might be, owed allegiance first to the king and then to his own lord, and that, therefore, no English vassal might follow his lord against his king. In so doing William violated 违反the recognized feudal principle公认的领地原则 that a vassal owed allegiance to his immediate lord only. Mag na Carta 大宪章 Henry III亨利三世 1315-1322Great European Famine also 1348-Black Death欧洲大饥荒，黑死病 The Hundred Years’ War百年大战 The?Hundred Years War?was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the?Kingdom of England?and the?Kingdom of France?for control of the French throne（王座）. The background of the Hundred Years War went as far back as to the reign of William the Conqueror. When William the Conqueror became king in 1066 after his victory at the Battle of Hastings, he united England with Normandy in France. William ruled both as his own. In 1328, Charles IV of France died. Charles did not have any sons to take over his land and all his brothers were dead. He did have a sister called Isabella