高分子材料及应用期末翻译题资料高分子材料及应用期末翻译题资料.doc

Biodegradable Plastics from Renewable Sources 可再生生物降解塑料能源 ABSTRACT. Plastic waste disposal is a huge ecotechnological problem and one of the approaches to solving this problem is the development of biodegradable plastics. This review summarizes data on their use,biodegradability, commercial reliability and production from renewable resources. 塑料废物处理是一个巨大的经济技术问题，一个解决问题的方法是发展可降解生物塑料。本文综述的数据是从它们的使用，生物可降解性，商业的可靠性和从可再生资源中生产得来的。Some commercially successful biodegradable plastics are based on chemical synthesis (i.e. polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid,polycaprolactone, and polyvinyl alcohol). Others are products of microbial fermentations (i.e. polyesters and neutral polysaccharides) or are prepared from chemically modified natural products (e.g., starch, cellulose,chitin or soy protein). 一些商业上的可降解生物塑料是在化学合成法的基础上取得成功的（如聚乙醇酸，聚乳酸，聚己内酯，和聚乙烯醇）。其他的，是通过微生物发酵产生（如聚酯和中性多糖）或通过化学改性天然产品所产生（例如，淀粉，纤维素，甲壳素或大豆蛋白）。 1 INTRODUCTION Biopolymers are polymers that are generated from renewable natural sources, are often biodegradable and nontoxic. They can be produced by biological systems (i.e. microorganisms, plants and animals),or chemically synthesized from biological materials (e.g., sugars, starch, natural fats or oils, etc.). 生物大分子是从可再生的天然资源中产生的聚合物，往往是可生物降解、无毒的。它们可以通过生物系统（例如，微生物，植物和动物），或化学合成的生物材料（例如，糖，淀粉，天然脂肪或油，等）中生产出来。Two strategies are applied in converting these raw materials into biodegradable polymers: extraction of the native polymer from a plant or animal tissue, and a chemical or biotechnological route of monomer polymerization.Biodegradable biopolymers (BDP) are an alternative to petroleum-based polymers (traditional plastics).Some BDP degrade in only a few weeks, while the degradation of others takes several months. In principle the properties relevant for application as well as biodegradability are determined by the molecular structure. 两种策略都适用于这些原料转化成可生物降解的聚合物：从植物或动物组织和化学或生物技术路线的单体聚合的聚合物中提取出来的高分子。可生物降解的生物聚合物（BDP）是可替代以石油为基础的聚合物（传统塑料）的一种聚合物。一些BDP降解仅需几个星期，而别的降解需要几个月的时间。原则上性能相关的应用