[Chap08应用税收的成本经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语.pptVIP

Application:The Costs of Taxation应用: 税收的成本 Chapter 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Buyers and sellers receive benefits from taking part in the market. The equilibrium in a market maximizes the total welfare of buyers and sellers. 应用: 收税的成本 福利经济学——研究资源配置如何影响经济福利 。 买者和卖者可以从参与市场活动中获得利益。 市场均衡可以使买者和卖者的总利益最大化。 THE DEADWEIGHT LOSS OF TAXATION 税收的无谓损失 How do taxes affect the economic well-being of market participants? 税收如何影响市场参与者的经济福利? THE DEADWEIGHT LOSS OF TAXATION It does not matter whether a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the good…the price paid by buyers rises, and the price received by sellers falls. 税收的无谓损失 一种物品的税收是向买者征收还是向卖者征收是不重要的…，结果都是买者支付的价格上升，而卖者得到的价格下降。 The Effects of a Tax... 税收效应 How a Tax Affects Market Participants A tax places a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. Because of this tax wedge, the quantity sold falls below the level that would be sold without a tax. The size of the market for that good shrinks. 税收如何影响市场参与者 税收在买者支付的价格和卖者得到的价格之间打入了一个楔子。 由于这种税收楔子，销售量低于没有税收时应该达到的水平。 对一种物品征税使这种物品的市场规模收缩。 Tax Revenue 税收收入 Tax Revenue... 税收收入... How a Tax Affects Welfare... 税收如何影响福利... How a Tax Affects Market Participants税收如何影响市场参与者 Changes in Welfare 福利的变化 A deadweight loss is the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax. 无谓损失——市场扭曲（比如收税）引起的总剩余减少。 How a Tax Affects Welfare 税收如何影响福利 How a Tax Affects Welfare The change in total welfare includes: The change in consumer surplus, The change in producer surplus, The change in tax revenue. The losses to buyers and sellers exceed the revenue raised by the government. This fall in total surplus is called the deadweight loss. 税收如何影响福利 总福利的变动包括： 消费者剩余的变动, 生产者剩余的变动, 税收收入的变动。 买者和卖者由税收受到的损失大于政府筹集到的收入。 无谓损失——税收引起的总剩余减少。 Deadweight Losses and the Gains from Trade 无谓损失与贸易的好处 Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers