材料概论复习资料.doc

?? 影响材料使用的因素 ?? Materials behavior材料的行为 ?? Availability ?? Cost ?? Synthesis and production method（材料的合成与生产方法） ?? Processing techniques ?? Environmental acceptability Factors on the properties of materials ?? 组成材料的各元素的原子结构， ?? Atomic structure ?? 原子间的相互作用、相互结合， ?? Nature of chemical bonds ?? 原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律, ?? Atomic ordering ?? 原子集合体的形貌特征。 ?? Microstructure Properties of Materials ?? Mechanical properties: ?? The behavior of materials deformed by a set of forces. ?? 弹性Elasticity ?? 塑性Plasticity ?? 强度Strength ?? 硬度Hardness ?? 韧性Toughness ?? 疲劳特性Fatigue behaviour ?? 耐磨性Abrasion resistance Classification of materials: based on atomic structures and the nature of bonds Metals and their alloys Organic polymers Ceramics Mechanical properties : which reflect the behavior of materials ,deformed by a set of forces 这反映材料的行为,变形力的由一组 Physical properties : which describe the behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature ,electric or magnetic fields ,or light .它描述材料的行为受到的动作温度、电场或磁场,或者光。 Chemical properties : which characterize the behavior of material in a reactive environment .用材料的行为在一个无功的环境。 Types of materials 1 metal it is strong and can be readily formed into practical shapes .its extensive , permanent ductility is an important asset in permitting small amounts of yielding to sudden and severe loads .这是强大的,可以很容易形成实际的形状。其广泛的、永久的延性是一个重要的资产在允许少量的收益率突然和严重的负荷。 2 ceramics and glasses Chemical stable , siginificantly higher melting point , brittleness 化学稳定,siginificantly更高的熔点,脆性 3 polymers polymers are frequently lightweight ,lowcost ,lower strength ,lower melting point and higher chemical reactivity 聚合物经常是轻量级的,低成本,低强度、低熔点和更高的化学反应 4 composites it carries along the superior properties of each component , producing a product that is superior to either of the components separately它携带沿着优越的性能,每个组件,生产一个产品,优于要么单独的组件 Solids exist in the nature in two principal forms : crystalline and amorphous固体存在于自然以两种主要形式:水晶和非晶 An elementary cell of crystal lattice i