现代语言学串讲资料现代语言学串讲资料.doc

第一章?? 绪论 1/ What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.?语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学的研究并不是针对某一特定的语言，而是针对所有语言而言的。 2/ The scope of linguistics语言学的研究范畴 The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.? 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。 The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics. 对语言交际中声音的研究称为语音学。 The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 对交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式的研究称为音系学。 The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. 对语素如何排列组合成单词的研究称为形态学。 The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 对语词形成句子的规则的研究称为句法学。 The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 对语言意义的研究称为语义学。 The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 在语言使用的环境中对语言的意义进行的研究称为语用学。 The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 对语言关于社会方面的研究称为社会语言学。 The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics. 对语言和心理的相互关系的研究称为心理语言学。 The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人类语言学） neurological linguistics, （神经语言学） mathematical linguistics, （数字语言学）and computational linguistics. （计算机语言学） 3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念? Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern lingu