[翻译材料第五章英汉句子对比与翻译.docVIP

 第五章 英汉句子对比与翻译 第一节 英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”与“意合” 连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系，恰当地连为一体的语篇特征，但在重意合的汉语中，这种特征往往隐含在上下文中，呈“隐性”状态，但这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解，因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足，而英语语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征，既它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式，既词法和句法结构来体现的，因此，在翻译过程中，译者就应该注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。翻译练习： We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage… At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them. As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day. Three month later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-going freight trains, despite the police’s pursuits or arrests. It was only his legendary travel experiences, especially the experiences of his visit to the northern part of Shaanxi Province 60 years ago that determined his lifetime cause, thus closely connoting his life with the Chinese revolution. 第二节 英汉在语义层次表达上的“形合”和“意合” 进行英汉对比研究的学者们常将英语句子比作树木结构，将汉语的句子比作竹子结构。这就是说，英语句子中充满了从属结构，从属结构包括了动词的非限定形式、介词短语和各种分句。从属结构可以比作“枝杈”；汉语句子充满了并立结构，并立分句之间用逗号分开，直直的，每有“枝杈”，像根竹子。汉语的这些并立分句常被称作“流水句”。英语句子的树木结构是英语的形合在语意层次表现上的具体体现：句子的主干（主句）用来表示主要信息，从属结构（枝杈）表示次要信息。这样意义层次在表面结构上就表现出来了，呈显性；汉语句子的竹子结构是汉语的意合在语意层次表现上的具体体现：句子中充满了在形式上并立的分句，语意层次要靠上下文来表示，在表面形式上看不出来，呈隐性。英汉翻译中就应该充分考虑到英文和中文的这些不同特征。 翻译练习： X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make visible details that are otherwise impossible to observe. “How does the human brain work” remains one of the most profound questions confronting modern science. One out of every ten persons in 1978 United States labor force was a teenager, compared with one out of fifteen in 1960. Situated at the foot of the hill is a hut where I think you will surely find the book that you have been looking for in the past. 第三节 英译汉句型的转换 英汉两种语言在表达方式上有相似之处，但更多的是差异。同一个思想和概念，英语有英语的表达方式，汉语有汉语的表达方式。在很多情况下，翻译的本质，实际上是一种“替代”。在英译汉时，需用汉语的表达方式去“替代”英语的表达方式；这中翻译中的句型转换，也可以说是“改换说法”。翻译练习： Wet paint! No Smoking!