[语法纲要.doc

目 录 1. 主谓语一致 1 2. 代词的一致和主语及其补语的一致 3 3. 名词性从句 4 4. 情态动词 7 5. 虚拟语气 14 主谓语一致 主语和谓语要保持数的一致，一般要遵守三个原则：语法一致（Grammatical concord）、意义一致(Notional concord)和就近原则(Principle of proximity)。语法一致是基础，兼顾意义一致，而就近原则则要兼顾，使用中要注意下面几个问题： 一、非谓语动词短语和名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 Getting up early makes us healthy. Playing with fire is dangerous. To see is to believe. To know onself is difficult. How to do it is/remains still unknown. What is needed is acts. That the earth is round is true. Whether we’ll go on the trip depends on the weather. Where he is is unknown to me. 但what引导的名词性从句作主语如主语补足语是复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。 What they want are promises. what 分句是带有复数意义的并列结构时，谓语可用复数形式。 What I say and think are no business of yours.=What I say is…and what I think is…. 二、表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、容量、长度、总量等的名词复数看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 Twenty years is a long time. A hundred miles is a short distance now. Two thousand yuan is a large sum for me. 如果表示 具体的数量则谓语动词用复数形式，如时间的过去或金钱、时间的花费。如与pass, go by, waste, spend等连用时。 Years have gone by. Two hours are spent in learning English. Twenty years have passed since his father died. 三、maths等复数形式、单数意义的名词作主语，谓语用单数形式。如：news, physics, James, the United States, the Arabian Nights No news is good news. The United States is a great country. 四、No/Each/Every/Many a +n. and no/each/every/many a + n.+单数动词 Every boy and (every) girl is at play now. Many a man was injured in the war. Many a boy and (many a) girl has made the same mistake. No teacher and no student is going. 五、～one ～body ～thing+单数动词。 Someone is knocking at the door. Nobody likes to spend time on a boring thing. 六、单数名词+介词短语，谓语用单数形式。 as well as, as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, with, along with, together with, eccept with, one in/out of. John as well as you is wrong. The captain with is men was saved. Helen no less than her sister is beautiful. The bat together the balls was stolen. Nobody but John and Helen was absent. 但more than one+单数名词+单数动词 more +复数名词+than one复数动词 More than one student is published. More s