计算机专业外语翻译.doc

chapter 1 Principles Of Computer Organization INTRODUTION The generic computer contains input devices, a computational unit, and output devices. The computational unit is the computers heart, and usually consists of a central processing unit (CPU), a memory, an input/output (I/O) interface and other important components. To get a better understanding of computer organizaion, a brief overview of the computers organization is given in the flowing. 一般计算机包含输入设备，计算单元，和输出设备。计算单元是计算机的心脏，通常包括一个中央处理单元（ CPU ） ，存储器，输入/输出（ I / O ）接口和其他重要的组成部分。为了更好地了解计算机组成，下面简要概述了计算机的组成。 1.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE We build computer to solve problems. Early computer solved mathematical and engineering problems, and later computers emphasized information processing for business applications. Today, computers also control machines as diverse as automobile engines, robots, and microwave ovens. A computer system solves a problem from any of these domains by accepting input, processing it, and producing output. 我们计算机解决问题。早期的计算机解决数学和工程问题，商业应用的息处理。今天，电脑还控制汽车发动机，机器人，微波炉。计算机系统接受输入，处理，并产生输出解决这些领域问题。 Fig.1.1 the three activities of a computer system Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed, hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware. Computers are valuable because they are general-purpose machines that can solve many different kinds of problems, as opposed to special-purpose machines that can each solve only one kind of problem[1].Different problems can be solved with the same hardware by supplying the system with a different set of instructions, that is, with different software. 计算机系统包括硬件和软件。硬件是计算机系统的物理部分，一旦设计，改变硬件是一件很难而且昂贵的事情。软件是指示硬件工作的一套程序，与改变硬件相比更容易修改。由于计算机是能够解决多种不同类型问题的通用机器，而不是仅解决某一类问题的专用机器，它们具有（重要）价值[ 1 ]。通过给系统提供不同的指令集，也就是说，不同的软件，可以使相同的硬件解决不同的问题。 Every computer has four basic hardware components. Input devices. Output devices. Main memo