语言学 Chaper 3语言学 Chapter 3.doc

Chapter 3: Tables and Exercises Table 3.2 Some of the features required for classifying English sounds. Feature name Classificatory possibilities English segments Voice [+voice] b, d, g, m, n, v, 3 ,dз , ? , e , z, w, r, l, j (and all vowels) [-voice] p, t, k, f, s, θ, ? Place [labial] p, b, m, f, v [denti-alveolar] θ, e , t, d, n, s, z, l, r [palatal] ?, 3, j (and front vowels) [velar] k, g, w ( and back vowels) Stop [stop] p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n [fricative] f, s, v, z, ?, 3, θ, e [Approximant] w, r, l, j (and all vowels) Nasal [+nasal] m, n, ? [-nasal] ( all other speech sounds) Lateral [+lateral] l [-lateral] ( all other speech sounds) Sibilant [+sibilant] s, z, ?, 3 , t?, dз [-sibilant] ( all other speech sounds) Height [maximum] ( all consonants except w, j ) [4 height] i: , u:, w, j [3 height] ei, i, ?u, u [2 height] e, ? [1 height] ?, ɑ: Back [+back] u: , u, ?:, ?, ?u, ɑ:, w, k, g [-back] i, i:, ei, e, ? ( and all other consonants) Syllabic [+syllabic] all vowels and some consonants as m, n, ? , l, r [-syllabic] all other consonants, including w, j . (Taken from Ladefoged, P. 1982: 39 with some minute revision) 音节 ?? ?? n? 成音节 ?? e? ?? 不成音节 除阻 ?? t? 送气[a] ?? d? 无声除阻 ?? d? ?? d? 鼻音除阻 ?? d? 边音除阻 发音 ?? n? d? 浊音清化 ?? s? t? 浊化 ?? b? a? 漏气音[b] ?? b? a? 吱嘎音 发音部位 ?? t? d? 齿化 ?? t? d? 舌唇化 ?? t? d? 舌尖化 ?? t? d? 舌叶化 ?? u? t? 较前 ?? i? t? 较后 ?? ? ? 较央 ?? e? ?? 中央化 ?? e? ?? 较高（抬）(?? = 有声齿龈嘶音擦音) ?? ? ?? e? β? 较低（降）(β? = 双唇近音) ?? ? 协同发音 ?? ?? x? 更圆唇 ?? ?? x?? 更展唇 ?? t? d? 唇化或唇-软颚化 ?? t? d? 颚化 ?? t? d? 软腭化 ?? t? a? 喉壁化 ?? t? d? 唇-卷舌化 ?? ?z? 软腭化或喉壁化 ?? e? o? 舌根前移 ?? e? o? 舌根后移 ?? ? z? 鼻音化 ?? ? ? 卷舌化 ( 2 ) V(owel) [ +nasal ] / ___ [ + nasal] $ This rule can be explained in the following way piece by piece: V [ +nasal ] / ___ [ + nasal] $ Vowels become nasalized in the before nasal within a environment