[英语作文讲义.doc

CONTENTS 1 Diction 1.1 Levels of Words 1.1.1 Formal 1.1.2 Common 1.1.3 Colloquia 1.2 Meaning of Words 1.2.1 Denotation 1.2.2 Connotation 1.3 General and Specific Words 1.4 Idioms 1.5 Figures of Speech 1.6 Commonly misspelled words 1.7 Commonly misused words 2 Writing Effective Sentences ★★★★★ 2.1 Types of sentences 2.1.1 Declarative, interrogative, imperative exclamatory sentences 2.1.2 Simple, compound, complex compound-complex sentences 2.1.3 Coordination or subordination 2.1.4 Long and short sentences 2.1.5 Periodic, loose and balanced sentences 2.2 Effective sentences 2.2.1 Conciseness 2.2.2 Variety 2.2.3 Emphasis 2.2.4 Unity 2.2.5 Coherence 2.3 Recognizing and repairing basic sentence faults 2.3.1 Sentence fragments 2.3.2 Run-on sentences 2.3.3 Improperly placed modifiers 2.3.4 Errors in parallelism 2.3.5 Other Types of faulty sentences 2.4 A brief overview of punctuation 2.4.1 End of sentence punctuation 2.4.2 Comma 2.4.3 Other types of punctuation 3 Writing Effective Paragraphs ★★★★★ 3.1 Understanding paragraph structure 3.1.1 Topic sentence 3.1.2 Supporting sentences 3.1.3 Concluding sentence 3.2 Ways of developing a paragraph 3.2.1 Developing a paragraph by time 3.2.1 Development by time 3.2.2 Development by space 3.2.3 Development by process 3.2.4 Development by comparison and contrast 3.2.5 Development by cause and effect 3.2.6 Development by classification 3.2.7 Development by listing 3.2.8 Development by example or generalization 3.2.9 Development by deduction 3.2.10 Development by definition 3.2.1 1 Development by a combination of methods 3.3 Characteristics of a well-designed paragraph 3.3.1 Unity 3.3.2 Coherence 3.3.3 Completeness 3.4 Three types of paragraphs 3.4.1 Opening paragraph 3.4.2 Body paragraph 3.4.3 Concluding paragraph 3.5 Continuity/ connecting devices 3.5.1 Transitions 3.5.2 Signposts 3.5.3 Previews 3.5.4 Key words or key ideas 4 Planning an Essay 4.1 Structure of an essay 4.2 O