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功能词的应用 Use of Function Words （一）功能词的普遍性与重要性 功能词又叫结构词，指没有词汇意义，语法意义或语法功能的词常见的有代词(she, that, her, it, what)、数词(one, two, third)、冠词(a, an, the)、助动词(can, would, should, have, do)、介词(to, with, in, at, for)、连词(but, not, or, and)，其数量比较的少表示时间顺序的:first, later, next, then, finally, before, after, soon, previously, immediately, formerly, subsequently, meanwhile, presently, initially, ultimately,…表示举例的:for example ,for instance, such as ,…表示列举的:and ,firstly ,second, third, last, another, next, finally, furthermore…表示补充的:also ,in addition, and, further, another, as well as, besides, too, either,…表示比较或反差的: 比较类like, likewise, similarly, as, at the same time, as well as, in comparison, both, all… 反差类 on the other hand, in contrast, however, but, in spite of, despite, nevertheless, on the contrary, instead, rather, though, yet, regardless, although, unlike, even though, whereas,…表示强调的:important to note, most, above all, especially valuable, a central issue, especially relevant, should be noted, the most substantial issue, remember that ,a major event, the principal item, pay particular attention to, the chief factor, most of all, a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, the main value,… 表示因果类的:because, accordingly, for this reason, hence, resulting, as a result, so ,then ,thus, therefore, since, consequently,…表示总结类的:thus ,in short, to conclude, in brief, in the end, in summary, to sum up, in conclusion, finally, therefore, as already stated, all in all, in a word, in general, it may be briefly summed up as follows; from what has been mentioned above; we can come to the conclusion that… （二）功能词翻译现象关注点 除了对上述连词功能词的记忆与熟悉之外，功能词在翻译与写作中有一些关注点，先通过例子来初步展示。 1）功能词在句中位置 Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble ______(找到去历史博物馆的路). (finding the way to the history museum) To make donations or for more information, please ________(按以下地址和我们联系). (contact us at the following address) 此两处介词分别引导后置的定语和置后的地点状语。 2）功能词的省略 有一次，他们大吵了一番。(They had a big quarrel on