挪威海底隧道经验-ResearchGate.docVIP

挪威海底隧道经验 吕 明1，Gr?v E1，Nilsen B2，Melby K3 (1. 挪威SINTEF集团 岩土力学研究所，特隆赫姆 7465；2. 挪威科技大学，特隆赫姆 7491；3. 挪威公路管理局，奥斯陆 0033) 摘要：海底隧道深埋于海水以下，因而在勘探、设计、施工和运行方面都比陆地隧道更困难。挪威在近30 a来修建了40条海底隧道，积累了丰富的经验，形成了被称为“挪威海底隧道概念”的一整套技术。规划设计阶段要采用各种可能方法进行尽可能详细的地质勘探，尤其是海洋折射地震波探测，以提供基岩表面深度、基岩地质剖面等重要资料。影响隧道的稳定主要为断层和软弱带，因此，在地质勘探中确认断层和软弱带是极为重要的。施工时需采用精心设计的方法，包括减少每轮爆破的进尺及采用喷射混凝土拱肋、密集长锚桩等。典型的挪威海底隧道衬砌由作为支护的喷锚结构和自立的防水防冻的内衬砌组成。挪威海底隧道的衬砌都按排水结构设计，而不承受外水压力。渗水是海底隧道的最大威胁，施工期应随时了解掌子面前的地质和水文地质条件，超前探测孔和预灌浆是控制渗流的最佳方法，同时必须时刻准备处理可能发生的紧急情况。最小岩石覆盖厚度影响隧道安全和造价，必须慎重考虑，根据岩石条件、稳定要求、渗水量充分论证，大部分挪威海底隧道的最小岩石覆盖厚度都小于50 m。海水的腐蚀性给海底隧道带来一系列的特殊问题，须认真对待。 关键词：隧道工程；海洋；地质；勘探；设计与施工；运行 中图分类号：U 45 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000–6915(2005)23–4219–07 NORWEGIAN EXPERIENCE IN SUBSEA TUNNELLING LU Ming1，Gr?v E 1，Nilsen B2，Melby K3 (1. SINTEF Rock and Soil Mechanics，Trondheim 7465，Norway；2. Norwegian University of Science and Technology， Trondheim 7491，Norway；3. Norwegian Public Roads Administration，Oslo 0033，Norway) Abstract：Subsea tunnels are located deeply under sea. Therefore，they are more difficult in geological investigation，design，construction and operation than land tunnels. In the last 30 years rich experiences have been gained in Norway from constructing 40 subsea tunnels and the“Norwegian subsea tunnelling concept”has formed. In the planning and design stage，careful pre-investigation is of critical importance. Extensive marine seismic refraction survey is the major method for investigating bedrock profiles and detecting fault，weakness zones and depressions，which are the major threats to the tunnel stability. Directional core drilling from onshore passes geological structures and obtains rock cores，therefore，direct evaluation of the rock conditions can be provided. Special rock support methods are needed in order to pass such weakness zones，including reduced blast rounds，bolt-enforced shotcrete rib and dense long spilling bolts. The lining of Norwegian subsea tunnels consists typically of sprayed concrete and rock b