Unit2stressandstrain..doc

Unit 2 Stress and strain 应力和应变 Introduction to Mechanics of Materials 材料力学的介绍 Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that is known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies.” The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanical behavior of the body. 材料力学是应用力学的一个分支，涉及受不同类型载荷的固体的性能。这是一个有多种名称的研究领域，包括：“材料强度”，“易变形体的力学”。本书中研究的固体包括受轴向载荷的杆，轴，梁，圆柱和由这些零件装配的机构。一般情况下，我们研究的目的是测定因受载而引起的应力，应变和变形；如果当所有负荷量达到破坏载荷时，能够测得这些物理量，我们就可能得到一份完整的固体力学性能图。 Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials. On many occasions we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanical behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the material are known. These properties are available to us only after suitable experiments have been made in the laboratory. Also, many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei(1564-1642) made experiments to determine the strength of wires, bars, and beams,