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1.Fatigue and fatigue research: The Australian experience（疲劳和疲劳研究：澳大利亚经验） Dr Narelle Haworth 疲劳和疲劳研究：澳大利亚经验 沃斯纳尔尔博士 2.ABSTRACT This paper reviews the extent and nature of fatigue in road crashes in Australia. It then summarises the research that has been undertaken in that area and the issues that have arisen. Countermeasures to reduce fatigue are discussed, along with constraints to their effective implementation. 摘要 本文综述了疲劳在澳大利亚道路交通事故中的程度和性质。然后，它总结了前人在这一领域的研究（成果）和已经发生的若干交通事故。具体讨论消除疲劳的对策以及其有效执行过程中的限制和约束。 INTRODUCTION In recent years there has been much interest in the role of driver impairment in the causation of road crashes. The identification of the role of alcohol in driver impairment and the consequent actions taken to reduce its incidence have played a large part in the reduction in road injuries and fatalities that has occurred in the past decade. An understanding of the role of driver fatigue has potential to lead to further improvements in road safety 简介 . 在最近几年，交通事故原由中的驾驶员失职因素引起人们的普遍关注，为减少交通事故发生率而采取的对司机损害事件中酒精的鉴定及随后采取（的防范）措施在过去十年交通伤亡的减少中发挥了很大的作用。对驾驶员疲劳（在交通事故中的）作用的理解将有可能进一步改善道路安全。】 【WHAT IS DRIVER FATIGUE? 什么是驾驶员疲劳？ The problems in specifying an adequate definition of fatigue have been well documented (see Cameron, 1973). However, most definitions include the concept of a deterioration with extended effort in work output, physiological well-being or feelings (Haworth, Triggs and Grey, 1988). 为疲劳确定一个合适当的定义这个问题已经得到很好的解决并记录（见卡梅隆，1973年）。然而，大多数的定义包括一个恶化的概念，这一恶化是来自于超负荷的身体，生理或者心理活动（霍沃斯，特里格斯和灰色，1988）。 A simple model of driver fatigue was proposed by Hattori, Matsuura, Narumiya, Araki and Ohnaka (1987), who demonstrated three stages of driver performance in extended driving. The driver began in Stage One, characterised by alertness. In Stage Two (drowsy driving) drivers appeared to be sleepy, and had a tendency to decrease their close attention to safety and to drive gazing vacantly at one unspecified point (p.249.4). The car speed was kept fairly con