写作篇 Chapter Four Types of Essay Writing写作篇 Chapter Four Types of Essay Writing.ppt

(3) Method: states the principles, objects, materials, technology, methods or procedures of the research, usually written in the past tense. (4) Results: state the results, such as the data, effects or properties of the research, usually written in the past tense. (5) Conclusion: gives analysis, comparison or application of the results, or raises questions, recommendations or predictions on the basis of the results, usually written in the present tense. V. Abstract 3. Reduced Abstract The reduced abstract typically focuses on only two or three elements, with the emphasis placed on the results of the study. Information concerning the purpose and method is presented first. The background information can be omitted. Then the most important results are summarized. Finally, conclusions and recommendations may be included in one or two sentences. V. Abstract Order of Information Elements in Reduced Abstracts (1) Purpose and method of the study (2) Results (3) Conclusions and/or recommendations V. Abstract Unidentified Curved Bacilli in the Stomach of Patients with Gastritis Abstract. To determine the bacteria causing stomach troubles, biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for gastroscopy. Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in specimens from 58 patients. Bacilli cultured from 11 of these biopsies were gramnegative, flagellate, and the purpose, the method the result of the study V. Abstract microaerophilic and appeared to be a new species related to the genus Campylobacter. The bacteria were present in almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or gastric ulcer and thus may be an important factor in the aetiology of these diseases. conclusion the result of the study V. Abstract 4. Guidelines for Informative Abstract A popular problem in writing an informative abstract is that many people are unable to distinguish descriptive