非正式开庭的问题与对策——民事司法改革的一种思路..doc

非正式开庭的问题与对策——民事司法改革的一种思路. 　　摘要：开庭审理是诉讼程序的中心，但在司法实践中，正式开庭很大程度上为“非正式开庭”的“潜规则”所替代。本文基于实证调查，试图描述非正式开庭的现状，揭示其成因、优势和缺点，并从非正式开庭的角度反思我国民事司法改革的方向。非正式开庭是理性选择的产物，是法官、国家、当事人博弈的结果，可视为法官在司法实践中、应对正式开庭而“发明”并不断实践的一种非正式制度安排。尽管非正式开庭具有成本低、效率高、收益基本不变、有助于纠纷的和平解决、促进司法的可接近性、合乎我国司法传统等比较优势，但也存在一些问题，例如：大量的非正式开庭会导致正式开庭的虚化；非正式开庭在许多情形下程序保障不足；还可能滋生司法腐败。最后，本文提出了若干对策性的改革建议，主要包括：1.对侵犯当事人基本程序保障权的非正式开庭予以禁止；2.对法律有规定的情形进一步完善制度；3.对一部分非正式开庭予以认可，并提出“简易开庭”的立法构想；4.对一部分非正式开庭放任不管。本文还注重方法论的探索，提出“行动中的民事诉讼法”的分析框架，倡导一种迈向司法实践的民事诉讼法学。 　　关键词：非正式开庭/开庭审理/民事诉讼的潜规则 　　Abstract：Trial in court is the center of judicial process.But in practices，formal trial in court is largely substituted by “sub-rule”of“informal session”。Based on empirical materials，the article tries to describe the situation and reasonsof informal session ，find out the advantages and disadvantages，and reflect thedirection of civil judicial reform in china from the point of informal session.As a result of rational choice，and of gaming by the judge ，the state and theparties ，informal session can be viewed as an informally institutional arrangementwhich is“invented”and being practiced by judges who reply to the formal trialin court in judicial practices.Although having lots of comparative advantages suchas low cost ，high efficiency，constant income on the whole ，helping peacefulsettlement of disputes，facilitating access to justice ，and according with judicialtraditions in china ，the informal session has some problems ，for example，agreat deal of informal sessions may make formal trial in court void ，informalsession has defects of not enough procedural safeguards ，and thus may result injudicial corruptions.Finally ，the article puts forward some reform suggestionsas countermeasures，mainly including ：（1）Forbidding some kinds of informalsessions which invade the fundamental procedural rights of parties；（2）Consummatingthe institutions when the law has regulations of some informal sessions ；（3）Recognizing and legalizing some informal sessi