语言学_Chapter4资料.docVIP

Chapter 4 Syntax A 4.1 Syntax The definition of syntax Approaches to the study of sentences The traditional approach The structural approach The generative approach The functional approach 4.2 Categories 4.2.1 Word-level categories The definition of syntactic categories Two kinds of word-level categories Major lexical categories Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Preposition (P) Minor lexical categories Determiner (Det) Degree words (Deg) Qualifier (Qual), Auxiliary (Aux) Conjunction (Con) Complementizer (C) 4.2.2Phrase categories and their structures The definition of phrase Phrasal categories Noun phrase (NP) Verb phrase (VP) Adjective phrase (AP) Prepositional phrase (PP) The elements of phrases Head Specifier Complement 4.3 Phrase structure rule The definition of phrase structure rules The phrase structure rule for NP, VP, AP, PP NP (Det) N (PP) ... VP (Qual) V (NP) ... AP (Deg) A (PP) ... PP (Deg) P (NP) ... 4.3.1 XP rule The XP rule: XP (specifier) X (complement) 4.3.2 Coordination rule The definition of coordinate structures The coordination rule: X X* Con X 4.4 Phrase elements 4.4.1 Specifiers 4.4.2 Complements The XP Rule (revised) XP (Specifier) X (Complement*) Complementizer Complement clause Complement phrase (CP) Matrix clause 4.4.3 Modifiers The Expended XP rule: XP (Spec) (Mod) X (Complement*) (Mod) 4.5 Sentences (The S Rule) The S rule: S NP VP 4.6 Transformations Deep structure (D-structure) and surface structure (S-structure) Some transformation rules Auxiliary movement Do insertion Do insertion rule: Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position Wh movement Wh Movement: Move the wh phrase to the beginning of the sentence Wh movement (revised): Move a wh phrase to the specifier position under CP Move α and constraints on transformations Introduction of a linguist----Leonard Bloomfiel Leonard Bloomfield (April 1,1887—