FoundationsofTrade..doc

1.Barter（以货易货）： trade by the direct exchange of goods or services without using money or other medium of exchange. Barter was the earliest form of trade. 2.Trade（贸易）: the exchange of goods and services among people 3.Money（货币）: anything which is generally acceptable as a means of payment; 4. Functions of money（货币的职能）: medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, measure of wealth 5. Properties of money（货币的属性）: Stability（稳定性）,durability（耐用性）,portability（便携性）, divisibility（可分性）, transferability（可转手性）, legal tender（法定货币）,recognizability（可辨认） Legal tender:the money issued by the central bank of a country to be a legal means of payment 6. Near money（准货币）: near money or quasi-money refers to assets that are easily transerable into money, such as bills of exchange, postal orders or money orders 7.Interest（利息）: a fixed price/cost for the borrowing /the use of money 8.Interest rate（利率）: the relationship between the payment received by a lender of money and the amount of money lent, expressed as a percentage per period of time. 9:Labor division and specialization（劳动分工与专业化） 10.International trade（国际贸易）: trade across national borders 11:Import（进口）: to buy in goods or services from abroad. 12:Export（出口）: to sell out goods or services abroad 13.Reasons for international trade（国际贸易的原因）: there are several reasons for international trade:because of the lack of or inadequare supply of certain goods and services;because of comparative advantages;beause of consumers tastes or preferences;because of governments’ political objects 14. Direct trade（直接贸易）: to sell a product directly to the importing country without transhipment via any other country 15.Idirect trade（间接贸易）: to conduct an import or export business through a third country 16.Visible trade(tangible trade)（有形贸易）: the trade of commodities which are visible by the custom officers 17. invisible trade (intangible trade)（无形贸易）: the trade of services or technology 18. Manchesterism（自由贸