阐述高分子破乳剂的破乳机理[精选].doc

描绘高分子破乳剂的破乳机理 破乳的方法有电法、热法和化学法，这几种方法常常联合起来使用。但是使用最多的是化学法。化学破乳法需要的化学剂即破乳剂，目前我国油田年需破乳剂大约2万吨。 随着3次采油（尤其是碱驱、表面活性剂驱）在油田的广泛使用，采出的乳化原油多是O/W乳化原油。形成稳定乳状液的主要因素是原油中含有沥青质、胶质等天然表面活性剂物质，他们吸附在油-水界面上形成具有一定强度的界面膜。 Methods of demulsification method, thermal method and chemical method, these methods are often combined to use. But most used chemical method. Chemical demulsification method need chemical demulsifier, at present, the oilfield demulsifier to about 20000 tons. As production three times (especially in alkaline flooding, surfactant flooding) widely used in oilfield, produced more crude oil emulsion is O/W emulsification of crude oil. Form a stable emulsion containing asphaltene in crude oil is the main factor, natural surface active agent such as gelatin material, their adsorption on oil - water boundary surface formed with a certain intensity of interfacial film. 　　 由于乳化原油含水会增加泵、管线和储罐的负荷，引起金属表面腐蚀和结垢，因此乳化原油外输前，都要破乳，将水脱出。 Because the emulsified crude oil water cut will increase the load of pump, pipeline and storage tank, causes the metal surface corrosion and fouling, so before the emulsified crude oil transmission, demulsification, the water out. 　　 　　 　　2、化学破乳剂 2, chemical demulsifier 　　 　　由于乳状液有两种形态，因此发展了相应的破乳剂，W/O型破乳剂和O/W型破乳剂。 Because there are two forms of emulsion, so the development of the corresponding demulsifier, W/O type demulsifier and O/W type emulsion breaker. 　　2.1 W/O乳化原油破乳剂 2.1 W/O emulsified crude oil demulsifier 　　（1）第一代破乳剂 (1) the first generation of demulsifier 　　羧酸盐型，如：环烷酸盐 脂肪酸盐 Carboxylate type, such as: naphthenate fatty acid salt 　　硫酸酯盐型，如：烷基硫酸酯盐 Sulfate salt type, such as: alkyl sulfate salt 　　磺酸盐型，如：烷基磺酸盐、烷基苯磺酸盐、烷基萘磺酸盐、丁二酸二烷基酯磺酸盐；（2）第二代破乳剂 Sulfonate type, such as: alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, succinic acid dialkyl ester sulfonate; (2) the second generation of demulsifier 　　OP型，平平加型，土温型； OP, peregal, Mark Twain; 　　（3）第三代破乳剂 (3) the third generation of demulsifier 　　这代破乳剂一般由引发剂（如丙二醇、