第4讲中英文形态的比较..doc

第四讲 中英文几个形态的比较 在英汉语之间有很多不同的特点，我们先从语法意义的表达方式讲起。形态变化、词序和虚词是三大语法意义的表达方式，它们在英语和汉语中表现的方式很不一样。这在翻译中是要很注意的。 现代英语的形态变化主要是动词的变化 (conjugation)　和名词、代词、形容词及副词的变化(declension)，以及上述的词缀变化，如：性(gender)、数(number)、个(case)、时(tense)、语态(voice)、语气(mood)、比较级(degree of comparison)、人称(person)和词性(parts of speech)等。汉语没有形态变化，一般要通过借助词语、安排词序、隐含意义或其它办法表达语法意义。(1, 2) 1. 词的形态和句型的变化： 英语有词的形态和形式（前缀或后缀）变化，汉语几乎没有。给英语更多的句型变化： He moves astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid.. His rapid movements astonished us. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. 他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。 他行进速度之快，令人惊讶。 他的快速行进使我们感到惊讶。 我们对他的快速行进感到惊讶。 Good, better, best. Never let it rest, Utill good is better. Better best. 词的形态（动词、时态、语态、语气）和句型变化（2） 英语的动词、助动词和情态动词常常结合在一起，运用起形态，表示动词的时态、语态和语气。汉语没有这类变化，有时可以借助半独立的词语来表示，但多数是隐含在句子或上下文里的。（过去、现在和将来；真实与假设；我他关系在逻辑思维上是重要的。） They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. 他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。 New factories are being built all over the country. 全国到处都在新建新工厂。 During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death foe many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.(3) (1题) 战争期间（要是）碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会死去，很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人会被迫卖儿卖女。 产生句型的变化 4） Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. 由于受到了这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制定了一个更大胆的计划。 5） The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说，此书已译成多种语言。 6） I regret not having taken her advice. 我后悔没听她的劝告。 4） 2 词序：英语词序比较灵活，汉语相对固定。 形态变化越多的语言，词序越灵活，反之亦然。汉语的词没有形态标志，位置不能随便移动，词语之间的关系主要通过安排次序及使用虚词来表达。一般来说，英汉举止的排列顺序都是主-谓-宾。但是英语的变化比较多，有较多的倒置。 英语次序倒置较多 1) Hypothetical invention（假设倒装） A pair of black eyes might have done s