3 Gricean Pragmatics--- Implicature重点.ppt

Pragmatics Unit 3 Gricean Pragmatics: Implicature Grice Herbert Paul Grice (格莱斯/格赖斯, 1913-1988), born and raised at Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), a British-educated philosopher of language. He moved to US in 1967 and took up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. Grice 格莱斯的意义理论发端于1957年的Meaning一文，成形于1967年在哈佛大学作的系列讲座。1989年出版的Studies in the Way of Words一书是这一思想的总结。 这本书由三部分组成：1. 自然意义与非自然意义2. 说话人意义3. 三种类型的含义 说话人意义Grice认为说话人意义不是一个单一的概念，而是一个立体的集合，由所言（what is said）和含义（what is implicated）两部分组成。其中含义又分为规约含义（what is conventionally implicated）和会话含义（what is conversationally implicated）两种类型，后者又有一般和特殊之分。 Contents 3.1 Natural vs. non-natural meaning 3.2 Implicature and implication 3.3 Types of implicatures 3.4 Features of conversational implicatures 3.1 Natural vs. non-natural meaning Three terms: Natural meaning (Meaningn) (自然意义) Non-natural meaning (Meaningnn) (费自然意义) Implicature 3.2 Implicature and implication In formal logic, the symbol “?” means “and”. If P?Q, then Q?P. However, it seems that we cannot use “and” in the same way as “?”.E.g. Tom stood up and answered the question. Tom answered the question and stood up. 3.2 Implicature and implication Grice pointed out the inadequate attention to the nature and importance of the conditions governing conversation. According to him, “and” means basically the same as “?” and the additional meaning like “then” as found in the second sentence is an implicature that we infer in consideration of the context. 3.2 Implicature and implication Implicature and implicatumimplicature: implyingimplicatum: what is implied Implicature covers the meaning of implicatum, used in both singular and plural forms to refer to what is implicated or implied. Implicatum: out of use 3.3 Types of implicatures Implicatures differ in terms of the way they are derivable. One important criterion concerns whether implicatures are intrinsically tied up with some linguistic i