普通心理学9智力与心理测验__培训课件.ppt

* There are discrepancies between ideals and practice regarding how gifted children are identified in the U.S. Usually, identification occurs based on IQ of 130 or higher, although creativity, leadership, and special talents are recommended for use in identification as well. Gifted individuals are often stereotyped as weak, sickly, socially inept and emotionally troubled “bookworms”. Lewis Terman initiated a study in the early 1920’s with 1500 children with IQs of 150 or higher. These children been followed throughout their lives. As a group, these subjects exhibited better than average physical health, emotional stability, and social satisfaction through their adult years. Ellen Winner (1997) claims that a distinction needs to be made between moderately gifted (IQ 130-150) and profoundly gifted (IQ above 180) individuals, asserting that profoundly gifted children are often introverted and isolated. Studies of giftedness and achievement in life suggest that more than IQ determines high achievement. Joseph Renzulli theorizes that there is a more rare form of giftedness, based in an intersection of 3 factors, that leads to eminence…high intelligence, high creativity, and high motivation. * 创造性的特点： * This issue has far-reaching sociopolitical implications and continues to be a complex controversy. Family studies determine only whether genetic influence on a trait is plausible, not whether it is certain. Family members also share environments. Twin studies provide evidence regarding the role of genetic factors. The basic rationale is that identical and fraternal twins develop under similar environmental conditions, but identical twins share more genes…if identical twins end up more similar on a given characteristic, it must be genetic. A heritability ratio is an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance. A heritability estimate is a group statistic and cannot be meaningfully applied to