Unit 1 Production of Drugs.doc

Unit 1 Production of Drugs 1单元 药物制造 1 Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups: 1.Totally synthetic materials (synthetics) 2.Natural products, and 3.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products) 2 The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups 1 and 3-thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean, however, that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures ,and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products. 3Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents. 根据生产制造或者来源，药物制剂可以分为三种类型： 1.完全合成物质{合成物} 2.天然产品 3.用部分合成的方法生产的产品（半合成产品） 本书的重点是第一种和第三种类型中最重要的一些化合物，例如药物合成方法。然而，这也不是说天然产品或其他类型的制剂不重要。他们可以作为重要的先导结构，并且他们经常的被用作重要合成产品的起始物质或中间体。 图表1给出了不同的获得药物制剂的方法的总括 Table 1 Possibilities for the preparation of drugs Methods Examples 1. Total synthesis over 75% of all pharmaceutical agents (synthetics). 2. Isolation from natural sources ( natural products) 2.1 Plants alkaloids; enzymes; heart glycosides; polysaccharides; tocopherol; steroid precursors (diosgenin, sitosterin) ; citral (intermediate product for vitamins A, E, and K) 2.2 Animal organs Enzymes; peptide hormones; cholic acid from gall ; insulin from the pancreas; sera and vaccines 2.3 Other sources Cholesterol from wool oils; L-amino acids from keratin and gelatine hydrolysates 3.Fermentation Antibiotics; L-amino acids; dextran; targeted modifications on steroids, e.g. 11-hydroxylation; also insulin, interferon, antibodies, peptide hormones, enzymes, vaccines 4.Partial synthetic modification of natural products (semisynthetic agents): Alkaloid compounds; semisynthetic β-lactam antibiotics; steroids; human insulin 表1 药品制备的可能产物 方法 例子 1.全合成 超过75%的药物制剂（合成物） 2.从天然资源中分离（天然产品） 2.1植物 生物碱类；酶类；苷类；多糖类；生育酚；甾类前体类（薯蓣皂苷配基，谷甾醇）；柠檬醛（生产维生素A，E和K的中间体） 2.2动物器官 酶；激素肽；胆汁中获得的胆酸；胰腺中获得的胰岛素；血浆和疫苗 2.