语言学conversational-implicature重点.ppt

By :Li Cuihong Outline Grice Cooperative Principle Conversational Implicature Grice(1913—1988) a British-educated philosopher of language Study: The differences and relationships between speaker meaning and linguistic meaning. nonliteral speech as the outcome of a cooperative principle, and some derived maxims of discourse,speaker meaning Grices work: he proposed different kinds of implicatures and used that term as he claimed that implication was not the right word. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words. Significance: one of the foundations of the modern study of pragmatics. Categories of Implicature Cooperative Principle Cooperative principle is a very important factor in the process of generating implicature. Grice:Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted perpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. (ColeMorgan, 1975:45) Four Maxims of Cooperative Principle Quantity Maxim(数量准则) Quality Maxim(质量准则) Relation Maxim（关系准则） Manner Maxim（方式准则） Quantity Maxim 1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current perpose of the exchange). 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Michael has four dictionaries. Michael has five, six or even more dictionaries. Quality Maxim Try to make your contribution true: 1) Do not say what you believe to be false. 2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Honesty is the first policy. Relation Maxim Be relevant（关联的）. 1) A: Mrs. Smith is so disgusting at the party. B: The curtain is very beautiful. 2) A: I am out of petrol. B: There is a garage at the corner. Manner Maxim Be perspicuous: 1) Avoid obscurity of expression. 2) Avoid ambiguity. 3) Be brief (Avoid unnecessary prolixity) 4) Be orderly. Open the door. Go to the door, put the key into the lock, turn the key clockwise two times and push. Hu