外科学绪论（参考）.pptVIP

2．现代外科学的发展 Development of Modern Surgery （3）. 抗菌术 Antisepsis Joseph Lister (1827-1912), The originator of antiseptic surgery （3）．输血 Blood transfusion Richard Lewisohn (1875-1961), a surgeon at the Mount Sinai Hospital, introduced the modern technique of blood transfusion, developed from his discovery of a method of preventing coagulation of the blood outside the body. Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943), one of the first scientists to study the physical processes of immunity. He is best known for his identification and characterization of the human blood groups, A, B, and O. Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), professor of surgery at the University of Berne and pioneer in the development of surgery of the thyoid. He received the Nobel Prize in 1909. Theodor Billroth (1829-1894), professor at the University of Vienna and pioneer abdominal surgeon, Billroth was one of the most influential teachers of his time. （4）．Innovators Pioneers in Surgery John H. Gibbon (1903-1973), pioneer cardiothoracic surgeon who developed extracorporeal circulation. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944), an experimental surgeon interested in wound healing, tissue culture, organ transplantation, and blood vessel anastomosis. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1912. 2．现代外科学的发展  60年代 显微外科发展。 70年代 医学影像学发展（超声、CT等）为外科的诊断和治疗解决了许多难题。自此内窥镜治疗、各种介入治疗技术、器官移植技术等迅速发展并逐渐向生物医学、基因诊断及治疗发展。 90年代 微创外科技术发生了飞跃。 2．现代外科学的发展  我国外科发展及成就 50年代仅局限在大城市； 60年代逐渐波及到中小城市； 70年代大、中、小城市均普及； 专科设置二级到三级专业。 3. 外科专业发展 Development of Surgical Specialties 工作对象和性质 实验外科 Eexperimental Surgery 临床外科 Clinical Surgery 3．外科专业发展 2) 人体解剖系统 骨科 Arthrosteopedic surgery 颌面外科 Dentofacial surgery 心胸外科 Cardiothoracic surgery 泌尿外科 Urologic surgery 神经外科 Neurosurgery 普通外科 General surgery (腹部外科) Abdominal surgery 3．外科专业发展 3) 疾病性质 肿瘤外科 Neoplastic surgery 急症外科 Emergency surgery 创伤外科 Trauma surgery 烧伤外科 Burn surgery 4) 手术方式 整复外科 Plastic surgery 显微外科 Microsurgery 移植外科 Transplantation 微创外科 Minimally invasive surgery