《References教学资料》Cook_Qs about Sequences.docVIP

Three questions about sequences ??? 1. What is the actual sequence? ??? 2. Is it like L1 sequence? ??? 3. Why does it occur? The Grammatical Morpheme Studies Common L2 order of difficulty for grammatical morphemes?(Dulay and Burt)1 plural “-s” “Books”2 progressive “-ing” “John going”3 copula “be” “John is here”4 auxiliary “be” “John is going”5 articles “the/a” “The books”6 irregular past tense “John went”7 third person “-s” “John likes books”8 possessive “’s” “John’s book” Key research summaryDulay, H.C., Burt, M.K. (1973), ‘Should we teach children syntax?’, Language Learning, 23/2, 245-258Data type: sentences elicited via the BSM (Bilingual Syntax Measure) - cartoon descriptionL2 learners: 151 Spanish-speaking children aged 6-8 learning English in the USAMethod of analysis: i) establishing percentage supplied in obligatory contexts for 8 grammatical morphemesii) ordering these from most to leastResults: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 pl. “-s” “-ing”? cop. “be”? aux “be” “the/a”? irreg.past? 3p. “-s”? poss. “-s” Claims: ‘there does seem to be a common order of acquisition for certain structures in L2 acquisition’ (Dulay and Burt, 1973, p.256). ? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 L2: Dulay Burt 1974a the/a ?-ing? plural -s? reg. past irreg. past ?poss. ‘s? 3rd p. ‘s L1: Brown 1973 -ing? plural ‘s irreg. past ? the/a? poss. ‘s reg. past ?3rd p. ‘s? Comparison of L1 and L2 sequences for 7 grammatical morphemes Other references Dulay, H.C., Burt, M. Krashen, S. (1982), Language Two, Newbury House, Rowley, Mass. Lightbown, P.M. (1987), ‘Classroom language as acquisition to second language acquisition’, in C.W. Pfaff (ed.), First and Second Language Acquisition Processes, Newbury House Lee, D.J. (1981), ‘Interpretation of morpheme rank ordering in L2 research’, in P. Dale D. Ingram (eds.) Perkins, K., Larson-Freeman, D. (1975), ‘The effect of formal language instruction on the order of morpheme acquisition’, Language Learning, 25 Porter, J.H. (1977), ‘A cross-sect