第四章 词的语义特征.ppt

现代英语词汇学 Modern English Lexicology 内容提要概述动态动词静态动词 第四章：词的语义特征 语义特征（semantic features）是对人类抽象活动的一种概括，属于元语言. 元语言: 语言分析用的语言。 用来描写任何语言的语义。 如：具有语义特征A，记作[+A]；不具有语特征A，记作[-A]。 形式：[ ];( ) 成分分析法 对分语义特征： 要抓住不同名词之间的区分性特征。 动词：区别性 特征：[+-Dynamic] 一、动态动词 1. 表活动的动词; Abandon, ask, call, help, learn, listen, look at, play, say, work, write 2. 表过程的动词： Change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down, widen 一、动态动词 3. 表人体感觉的词： ache, feel, hurt, itch 4. 表过渡性经历的动词 arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose 5. 表短暂动作 hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap 二、静态动词 1.表示情性感觉和认知的动词 abhor (痛恨），adore（崇拜），astonish, believe, desire, detest（厌恶）, feel, hate, like , love, realize, recall等。 2. 表示关系的动词 Apply to (everyone), be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve 等 次范畴化 根据次范畴化（subcastegorization)规则， 可对动词进一步细分：及物和不及物。 Kill die Kill = [cause] X [die] Y Die = [cause] X [die] X 语义特征[±Volitive] 有些动词可根据语义特征[±Volitive]加以区分。 Look, see; listen, hear A. John looked high and low for Mary, but he did not see her. B. We listened but could hear nothing. John was looking intently at the picture on the wall. They are listening attentively to the lecture. 及物与不及物—— volitive 是否具有使役性特征 The soldiers marched (home). They marched the soldiers (home) My dog was walking. I was walking my dog. Joe stood (against the wall). They stood joe against the wall.  例子：动态：Kick, persuade; 静态：own, resemble 1. 动态动词可以用于命令句，而静态动词常不用。 Kick the ball. Persuade him to leave. ? Own the house. ? Resemble your father. 2. 动态动词可用进行体， 而静态动词常不用。 The girl is kicking the ball. The girl is persuading him to leave. ? The patron is owning the house. ? The girl is resembling her father. 3. 动态动词可用于内嵌句（embedded sentence）而静态动词不可。 I told the girl to kick the ball. I told the girl to persuade him to leave. ? I told the girl to own the house. ? I told the girl to resemble her father. 4. 在带有do代词形式的假似分裂句中只能用动态动词。 What I did was to learn the language. ? What I did was to know the language. 动态形容词和静