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Ecology—the scientific study of interactions between different organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings
Biotic—living factors that influence an ecosystem
Abiotic—non-living factors that influence an ecosystem
Producers
A. Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth
Also called autotrophs
C. Use light or chemical
energy to make food
1. Plants
2. plant-like protists (algae)
3. Bacteria
D. Photosynthesis—use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates
(Remember: 6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6)
E. Chemosynthesis—performed by bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
Consumers
Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
B. Also called heterotrophs
Herbivores—obtain energy by
eating only plants
Carnivores—eat only animals
Omnivores—eat both plants and animals
Decomposers—breaks down dead organic matter
Feeding Interactions
A. Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction—from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers)
Food Chain—series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Arrows go in the direction of how energy is transferred
Start with producer and end with top consumer
or carnivore
C. Food Web—network of food chains within an ecosystem
Which of the organisms above is the producer?
Which of the organisms above is the top consumer?
Grass
Hawks
Trophic Levels—each step in a food chain or food web
1. Level 1—Producers (autotrophs)
2. Level 2—Primary Consumers (herbivores)
3. Level 3—Secondary Consumers
(carnivores or omnivores)
4. Level 4—Tertiary Consumers
(carnivore—usually top carnivore)
Food Webs
Ecological Pyramids
A. Diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or organisms contained within each trophic level of a food chain or web
Energy Pyramid shows relative amount of energy available at each trophic l
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