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Ecology生态学
Ecology
Part 4. Populations
Part 5. Communities
Part 6. Biodiversity and Conservation
Population Characteristics
Population Density:
The number of organisms per unit area
Spatial Distribution:
Dispersion: The pattern of spacing a population within an area
3 main types of dispersion
Clumped
Uniform
Random
The primary cause of dispersion is resource availability
Population Ecology: Population Characteristics
Population Limiting Factors
Population growth rate
How fast a given population grows
Factors that influence this are:
Natality (____ rate)
Mortality (_____ rate)
Emigration (the number of individuals moving _________ a population)
Immigration (the number of individuals _________ a population)
Population Ecology: Population Characteristics
birth
death
away from
moving to
Population Limiting Factors
Density-independent factors
Factors that limit population size, regardless of population density.
These are usually abiotic factors
They include natural phenomena, such as weather events
Drought, flooding, extreme heat or cold, tornadoes, hurricanes, fires, etc.
Population Ecology: Density-independent factors
Population Limiting Factors
Density-dependent factors
Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area
Usually biotic factors
These include
Predation
Disease
Parasites
Competition
Population Ecology: Density-dependent factors
Understanding Exponentials
Put your pens down for a minute think about this:
An employer offers you two equal jobs for one hour each day for fourteen days.
The first pays $10 an hour.
The second pays only 1 cent a day, but the rate doubles each day.
Which job will you accept?
Population Ecology: Population Growth Rate
Understanding Exponentials
Population Ecology: Population Growth Rate
Job 2 lags for a long time before exponential growth kicks in!
Now, how much would your employer owe you if you stayed at this job for another 2 weeks?
What would happen if this type of growth to
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