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9 The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility 细胞骨架和细胞运动性 ---overview of the major functions主要功能 of the cytoskeleton ---microtubules 微管 ---microfilaments [细胞] 微丝 9.1 overview of the major functions of the cytoskeleton An overview of the major activities of the cytoskeleton in three different nonmuscle cells is shown in figure 9.1. 9.2 the study of the cytoskeleton The use of fluorescence microscopy荧光显微镜 The use of video microscopy and focused laser beams雷射光束for in vitro体外 motility assays运动试验 The use of genetically engineered cells基因工程细胞 9.3 microtubules 微管 ---structure and composition结构与成分 ---microtubule-associated proteins 微管相关蛋白 ---microtubule as structural supports 支撑结构and organizers组织导体 ---microtubule as agents of intracellular motility细胞内运动的代理人 ---motor proteins 运动蛋白that traverse the microtubular 微管exoskeleton Ch.10 The Nature of the Gene and the Genome基因和基因组的性质 Chromosomes染色体: the physical carriers of the gene.基因的物理载体 The chemical nature of the gene. The structure of the genome. The earliest studies revealed genes to be discrete factors that were retained throughout the life of an organism and then passed on to each of its progeny. Over the following half-century, these hereditary factors were shown to reside on chromosomes and to consist of DNA, a macromolecule with extraordinary properties. 10.1 The concept 概念of a gene as a unit of inheritance 遗传(see figure 10.1) 10.2 Chromosomes: the physical carriers of the gene 10.2.1 the discovery of chromosomes发现染色体 During cell division, the material of the nucleus became organized into visible “threads”, which were named chromosomes, meaning “colored bodies”. Figure 10.5 fruit flies have four pairs of homologous chromosomes, one of which is very small.果蝇有四对同源染色体,其中之一是非常小的 10.2.2 chromosomes as the carriers of genetic information染色体作为遗传信息的载体 ---Homologous chromosomes ---the chromosome as linkage group. 10.2.4 Crossing over and recombination 交换与重组 P401 Even though the association of genes into