chapter 3 morphology 形态学.ppt

Review Questions 1. How are English consonants classified? 2. How are English Vowels classified? Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Morphology 3.1.1 Word What is a word? Bloomfield defined a word as a “minimum free form”, that is the smallest form that can occur by itself. word=sound +meaning Eg. Go---[g?u] + meaning (where to go) Go, goes, going Go as a free form/root Identification of words 词的特点 Stability Relative uninterruptibility A minimum free form Classification of words Variable and invariable words 可变词和不变词 Grammatical words and lexical words 语法词和词汇词 (function words and content words 功能词和实义词) Closed-class words and open-class words 封闭类词和开放类词 Variable and invariable words Variable words have inflective endings, i.e. part of the word remains constant while the other part changes regularly to fulfill different grammatical functions. happy---happier---happiest interest---interesting---interested Invariable words, such as since, when, hello, do not have inflective endings. Grammatical words and lexical words语法词和词汇词(function words and content words  功能词和实义词) Grammatical words and lexical words Grammatical words are those expressing grammatical meanings, like conjunctions, prepositions, and pronouns. Lexical words are those having lexical meanings, i.e. referring to substance, action and quality(性质), like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Closed-class words and open-class words 1. Open class words: or content words, to which new words can be regularly added Nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs 2. Closed class words: or “grammatical” or “functional”words, to which new words are not usually added Conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Numerals cardinal numerals i.e. one, two, one hundred, three millions ordinal numerals i.e. first, second, eighth, twenty-third Interjection i.e. exclamation, sorrow, surprise, regret, etc. Oh, My God! Dear me! Identifying Part of Sp