义务兵役【DOC精选】.docVIP

Conscription Conscription, also known as the draft or national service, is the compulsory enrolment of people and the term typically refers to their enlistment in a countrys military.[1] It is known by various names, for example, the most recent conscription program in the United States was known colloquially as the draft. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues to the present day. It was used by the Royal Navy between 1664 and 1814 but was called impressment, or the press.[2] Conscription, sometimes termed compulsory service, usually enrols young men of a given age, commonly 18 to 25, for a set period of time. The United States, selectees from the Selective Service System drafted men for World War I through the Vietnam war.[3] In the United Kingdom and Singapore, this was commonly known as national service, while New Zealand called it, at first, compulsory military training and later national service. Conscription can be for an indefinite period of time. In the case of a widespread mobilization of forces for fighting a war, including the defence of home territory, men in a much wider age group, perhaps 18–55, can be enlisted. In the United Kingdom, this was commonly known as call-up while the Nazis termed it Volkssturm where men between 16 and 60 defended Germany during World War II.[4] Many nations do not conscript their soldiers and sailors, instead they rely upon volunteers or, simply, a professional military.[5] Some of these nations, however, still reserve the power of conscription for use during wartime or times of crisis.[6] It can be controversial, however, since conscripts may have religious, political or moral reasons for objecting. Because of this protests have occurred and conscripts have evaded their enlistment by emigrating.[7] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Ilkum 1.2 Feudal levies 1.3 Military slavery 1.4 Invention of modern conscription 2 Drafting of women 3 Conscientious objection 4 Evading the draft 5 Countries with and without mandator