人工智能考试复习资料【DOC精选】.docVIP

FOUNDATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Textbook: S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Prentice Hall, 2003, Second Edition Lecturer: Grading: Class participation (10%), Programming assignment (20%), Final exam (70%) 1 Introduction 1.1 What is AI? Turing (1950) Computing machinery and intelligence: Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game. Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning Thinking rationally: laws of thought Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes? John McCarthy, who coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1956, defines it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. 1.2 Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI refers to a machine that approaches or supersedes human Intelligence. Strong AI aims to build machines whose overall intellectual ability is indistinguishable from that of a human being. Weak AI refers to the use of software to study or accomplish specific problem solving or reasoning tasks that do not encompass the full range of human cognitive abilities. 1.3 rational agent Rational behavior: doing the right thing The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information An agent is an entity that perceives and acts. 1.4 AI prehistory Abridged history of AI 1943 McCulloch Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain 1950 Turings Computing Machinery and Intelligence 1956 Dartmouth meeting: Artificial Intelligence adopted 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuels checkers program, Newell Simons Logic Theorist, Gelernters Geometry Engine 1965 Robinsons complete algorithm for logical reasoning 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity Neural network research almost disappears 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems 1980-- AI becomes an industry 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity 1987--