ChemicalEquilibrium.pptVIP

Chemical Equilibrium  Chapter 16 Hein and Arena Chapter Outline Reversible Reactions reversible reaction A chemical reaction in which the products formed react to produce the original reactants. Rates of Reaction chemical kinetics The study of reaction rates and reaction mechanisms. The rate of a reaction is variable. It depends on: Chemical Equilibrium equilibrium: a dynamic state in which two or more opposing processes are taking place at the same time and at the same rate. Le Chatelier’s Principle In 1888, the French chemist Henri LeChatelier set forth a far-reaching generalization on the behavior of equilibrium systems. Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium For most reactions the rate of reaction increases as reactant concentrations increase. An equilibrium is disturbed when the concentration of one or more of its components is changed. As a result, the concentration of all species will change and a new equilibrium mixture will be established. Percent Yield Effect of Volume on Equilibrium Changes in volume significantly affect the reaction rate only when one or more of the reactants or products is a gas and the reaction is run in a closed container. In a system composed entirely of gases, a decrease in the volume of the container will cause the reaction and the equilibrium to shift to the side that contains the smallest number of molecules. Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium When the temperature of a system is raised, the rate of reaction increases. Effect of Catalystson Equilibrium A catalyst is a substance that influences the rate of a reaction and can be recovered essentially unchanged at the end of the reaction. Equilibrium Constants The equilibrium constant (Keq) is a value representing the unchanging concentrations of the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction at equilibrium. Ion Products Constant for Water Ionization Constants Ka Solubility Product Constant equilibrium A dynamic state in which two or more opposing processes are tak