静态与动态题库.pptx

静态与动态Static vs. Dynamic 黑灜澎 何婷 丛思萌 英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态。 ? 英语的静态倾向，主要表现在以下几方面： 名词化（nominalization）是英语常见的现象 用名词表示施事者（agentive noun），以代替动词 用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语（headline phrase） 名词优势造成介词优势 动词的弱化与虚化 用形容词或副词表达动词的意义 静态 一、名词化（nominalization）是英语常见的现象 名词化主要指用名词（短语）来表达原来属于动词（短语）所表达的信息，如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态等。 英语名词优势于动词的倾向 1、这种名词优势往往可以使表达比较简洁，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。 Eg: a) Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country. b) The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere. 2、运用名词化表达法（nominal style）可以使叙述较为准确，贴切，但也会使语言抽象、难解。 Eg: The effect of the overuse of nouns in writing is the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of the thought. But 过分使用名词会使文句冗长（wordy）、含糊（vague），缺乏活力（lifeless），许多英语文体学家都反对滥用名词化表达法，主张通过多用生动活泼的动词来简化句子结构。 Eg: Integrated into the circulation of national life much more completely than any other modern literature, American belles-lettres also give a much more faithful and adequate picture of the entire civilization to which they belong than literature abroad, whose very compliance with---or willful opposition to --- traditions that have long lost their anchorage in the depths of their respective national civilizations, renders them unable to keep abreast of the rejuvenated spirit of their epoch. 二、用名词表示施事者（agentive noun），以代替动词 英语除了用抽象名词表示行为和动作（如realize ? realization, complete ? completion）之外，还常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词。大量由动词派生（如以-er或-or结尾）的名词既表示施事者、身份、职业等，又保留原来动词的意义。 这类名词常常与前置形容词构成静态结构： a hard worker=someone who works hard a slow walker=someone who walks slowly a good thief =someone who thieves well a bad sailor =someone who often gets seasick 汉语由动词加后缀构成的名词（如读者、教师、打字员、修理工）用来指人，不再表示行为或动作，因而英语这类名词往往要转换为汉语动词。 Eg:1) He is a nonsmoker and a teetotaler. 他既不抽烟，也不喝酒。 2) I used to