第三章组织中的个体差异与管理.pptVIP

第三章组织中的个体差异与管理 纲要 感觉差异与管理 能力差异与管理 人格差异与管理 Perception What is Perception? A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Why is Perception Important? Because people’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world that is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important. Attribution Theory The study of how people attempt (1) to understand the causes of a certain event (2) to assess responsibility for outcomes of the event (3) to evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event. 归因理论（Attribution Theory） 自我服务偏差（self-service bias) 《工业周刊》对1300名中层管理者进行调查。其中两个问题是“你认为目前的成功取决于哪些方面的原因？”“你认为阻碍你进一步晋升更高职位的最主要原因是什么？” 大多数管理者将他们的发展归功于自己的知识水平和在工作中取得的成就。80%以上认为这两项是他们晋升到管理职位的最主要原因。 对于阻碍晋升的因素，56%的人说因为自己没有与“恰当的人”建立关系。23%的人说自己缺乏足够的教育、智力或专业领域的知识。 归因所起的作用 影响了管理人员对下属的评定； 影响了他对下属提供的反馈； 影响了管理人员对下属不良绩效原因的结论； 影响了管理人员对纠正这些不良绩效所采取的措施。 能力的含义 Abilities and Skills Biographical Characteristics Age Gender Marital Status Tenure Types of Ability What is “Ability”? An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. Intellectual Abilities That required to do mental activities (e.g., number aptitude, verbal comprehension, memory, reasoning, spatial visualization). Physical Abilities That required to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics. The Ability - Job Fit Employee performance and job satisfaction are enhanced when there is a high ability - job fit Dimensions of Intellectual Ability智力能力的维度 Dimension Description Number Aptitude Ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic computations Verbal Comprehension Ability to understand what is read or heard and the relationship of words to each other Perceptual Speed Ability to visually identify similarities and differences quickly and accurately Inductive reasoning Ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem 能力测试