管理学概论.pptVIP

* National borders that used to insulate most firms from foreign competition are virtually meaningless when defining an organization’s operational boundaries today. Yet globalization means more than doing business across national borders. It also means expanded competition from local, national, and international businesses. Two major forces have driven globalization: the search for expanded markets and the need to reduce costs. Only 20 years ago, few workers used fax machines or e-mail, and computers occupied entire rooms, not desktops. Advances in information and communication technology have permanently altered the workplace by changing the way information is created, stored, used, and shared. * In 1960, only 32 percent of married women were in the U.S. labor force. In the year 2000, over 61 percent of all working age women in the United States will have jobs, and women will make up 47 percent of the total workforce. Another diversity issue is multiculturalism. For example, in the United States, the proportion of people with Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Island, and African roots has increased over the past two decades and will continue to do so. The trends of women joining the work force and multiculturalism are occurring in industrialized nations worldwide. The term corporate social responsibility illustrates heightened societal expectations for business firms. Executives are expected to promote high ethical standards. In fact, few organizations can afford the negative publicity associated with being perceived as socially irresponsible or ethically reprehensible. Entrepreneurship is the process of starting a business, obtaining necessary resources, and accepting the risks and rewards of small-business ownership. Entrepreneurship has increased for several reasons: individuals want to control their own destinies; corporate downsizing has eliminated millions of jobs: those with jobs perceive limited advancement opportunities in downsized corporations; and franchising h