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1.The definition of culture Ecology 生态学 Material Culture 物质文化 Social Culture 社会文化 Religious Culture 宗教文化 Linguistic Culture 语言文化 —Eugene Nida “It is the totality of the spiritual，intellectual，and artistic attitudes shared by a group，including its tradition, habits, social customs，morals，laws，and social relations, Sociologically，every society，on every level， has its culture；the term has no implications of high development.” 2.The relation between culture and translation Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture. Learning a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms. It means learning also to see the world as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behavior of their society, learning to understand “their language of the mind”. 3.Cultural factors affecting translation Religion Cultural psychology Geography Custom Religion 《圣经》在西方文化中扮演着重要角色，绝大多数美国人是信仰宗教的。而中国人则长期受到儒家文化的影响，长久以来大部分中国人也受到了佛教、道教的影响。中国人信佛教道教，就有了“玉皇大帝”“佛祖”的说法，而西方人信基督教就有了“上帝”的说法。 Cultural psychology 数字： 中国人避免4，西方避免13 中国人偏爱6、8、9 Geography 中国西邻高山，东临海洋，因此“东风”比喻春天，象征着温暖。但在英国，东风确是从欧洲大陆北部吹来的，十分寒冷。而在英国人眼里，他们的西风就相当于中国的“东风”，是温暖、希望的象征。 Custom 中国人见面喜欢问“你吃了吗？”“你去哪儿？”“你在做什么？”其实西方人对这类问题很敏感，因为在他们看来这纯属个人隐私。在翻译的时候，我们不能直接按中文意思直接翻译。我们应该清楚地看到这些只是日常寒暄，我们可以直接用“how are you”或者“good morning”等代替，表达出寒暄的功能即可。 Colors 1)red In English Culture: Celebrations and joyful occasions red-letter day 喜庆的日子 paint the town red 狂欢作乐 roll out the red carpet for someone 以隆重的礼仪欢迎 b) anger to see red 火冒三丈 wave a red flag 挑衅，使某人发怒 c) in debt be in the red 赤字，透支，亏损 be out of the red: be no longer in debt d) blood/ war/ revolution red battle 血战 In Chinese Culture: happiness good luck 红利 dividend 红包 red envelop 红运 good luck 红白喜事 weddings and