第3章政策行为者和制度.ppt

Chapter 3 Actors and Institutions: Assessing the Policy Capabilities of States 1.1 本章学习重点： 政策行为者的类别以及各自的政策影响力 国家的组织、自主性与政策能力 国家与社会的关系 国家与国际组织的关系 1.2 一个中心 A Critical Question 借我一双慧眼吧，让我在这纷纷扰扰的世界上看个清清楚楚，明明白白—— 谁在制定政策？ 1.3 两个基本点Two Basic Factors Actor / Policy Subsystem Policies are made by policy subsystems consisting of actors dealing with a public problem. The term ‘actor’ includes both state and societal actors, some of whom are intimately involved in the policy process while other are only marginally so. Institution We define institution narrowly as the structures and organization of the state, society, and the international systems. 1.4 四项基本原则Four Dimensions 辨认各种行为者的利益与行为 理解政府内部的制度构成及其相互关系 衡量国家组织与社会组织的力量对比 考察国际组织对于国内的影响和压力 1.5 个人与制度 西方语境 西方的传统：行为者分析 公共选择、福利经济学、多元主义、国家主义等都是做行为者分析，都把某种类型的行为者（个人、集团、国家）作为基本的解释变量。 新的发展：重视制度分析 1.6 群众与领导中国语境 设计对白—— 群众：政策都是领导制定的。 领导：我们是集体决策。 1.7 综合还是调和 In our view both actors and institutions play a crucial role in the policy process, even though one may be more important than the other in specific instances. Individuals, groups, classes, and states participating in the policy process no doubt have their own interests, but the manner in which they interpret and pursue their interests, and the outcomes of their efforts, are shaped by institutional factors. 2.1 Actors in the Policy Process Policy Actors ---- may be either individuals or groups ---- come both from within the machinery of the state and from the society at large 一种比喻 世事如棋，棋盘上有多少子 2.2 Actors in the Policy Process Policy Subsystems ---- the actors involved in a particular policy area can be referred to collectively as a ‘policy subsystem’. ---- policy subsystems are forums where actors discuss policy issues and persuade and bargain in pursuit of their interests. 一种比喻 棋盘上的战术布局与子力组合 2.3 主要的行为者 选举官员