光学工程与系统设计20101012）课件.ppt

光线相交曲线与像差的级次 欠校正球差 过校正球差 欠校正带球差 欠校正彗差 三级和五级彗差 欠校正轴向色差 典型的轴外像差曲线 第三章 棱镜和反射镜系统 棱镜分为两类：折射与反射 折射棱镜主要用于产生色散：如光谱仪 反射棱镜主要用于转折光路 色散棱镜 消色差棱镜：（光线偏折但不产生色散） 直视棱镜：（光线不偏折但有色散） 矩阵光学 折射方程 过渡方程 单个折射面成像方程 在空气中 通用 Y-Y 图 第二章 像差 概述 像差多项式和赛德像差 球差、彗差、像散和场曲、畸变、色差 透镜形状和光阑位置对像差的影响 像差随孔径和视场的变化 光程差 像差校正和剩余像差 像差曲线和像差的级次 光线追迹图 像差多项式 Notice that in the A terms the exponents of s and h are unity. In the B terms the exponents total 3, as in s3, s2h, sh2, and h3. In the C terms the exponents total 5, and in the D terms, 7. These are referred to as the first-order, third-order, and fifth-order terms, etc. There are 2 first order terms, 5 third-order, 9 fifth-order, and nth-order terms. In an axially symmetrical system there are no even order terms; only odd-order terms may exist (unless we depart from symmetry as, for example, by tilting a surface or introducing a toroidal or other nonsymmetrical surface). 各项的级次 It is apparent that the A terms relate to the paraxial (or first-order) imagery discussed in Chap. 2. A2 is simply the magnification (h′/h), and A1 is a transverse measure of the distance from the paraxial focus to our “image plane.” All the other terms in Eqs. 3.1 and 3.2 are called transverse aberrations. They represent the distance by which the ray misses the ideal image point as described by the paraxial imaging equations of Chap. 2. The B terms are called the third-order, or Seidel, or primary aberrations. B1 is spherical aberration, B2 is coma, B3 is astigmatism, B4 is Petzval, and B5 is distortion. Similarly, the C terms are called the fifthorder or secondary aberrations. C1 is fifth-order spherical aberration; C2 and C3 are linear coma; C4, C5, and C6 are oblique spherical aberration; C7, C8, and C9 are elliptical coma; C10 and C11 are Petzval and astigmatism; and C12 is distortion. The 14 terms in D are the seventh-order or tertiary aberrations; D1 is the seventh-order spherical aberration. 系数的意义 球差：焦点随孔径的变化 轴向球差 垂轴球差 球差有正负之分：负球差相当于未校正的正透镜产生的球差，故称欠校正球差；负透镜