话语解析课程资料.docVIP

1. What is Discourse? Language does not normally consist of isolated, unrelated sentences, but instead of collocated, structured, coherent groups of sentences we can call a discourse. 2. What is Discourse Analysis? Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, signed language use or any significant semiotic event. 3. What is a Speech Act? A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. Austin’s Speech Act Theory (speech is itself a form of action: constative vs. performative) Austin is widely associated with the concept of the speech act theory and the idea that speech is itself a form of action. Constative utterance is one that asserts or states something that can be judged as true or false. (e.g. He promised to give her ten dollars.) The performative is uttered in the performance of an illocutionary act and is either felicitous or infelicitous.(e.g. I promise to give her ten dollars. ) Limitation(e.g. Jocelyn got a Cartier for her birthday. ) Austin later modified his theory: locutionary act 以言指事行为 the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance. illocutionary Act 以言行事行为 The semantic illocutionary force of the utterance, thus its real, intended meaning Prelocutionary Act 以语成事行为 Its actual effect, whether intended or not e.g. In uttering the locution Is there any salt? at the dinner table, one may thereby perform the illocutionary act of requesting salt, as well as the distinct locutionary act of uttering the interrogatory sentence about the presence of salt, and the further perlocutionary act of causing somebody to hand one the salt. Searle’s Speech Act Theory Searle’s Speech Act Theory (Assertives, Directives, Commissives, Expressives, Declarations) Searle has set up the following classification of illocutionary speech